Jun 09, 2014 view cnn s fast facts on boko haram and learn more about the militant islamic group based in nigeria, whose purpose is to institute sharia, or islamic law. Boko haram emerged around 2002 as a local islamic group. In 2015 the group began calling itself islamic state in west africa. History of boko haram founded in the muslimdominated northern nigeria in 2002 by mohammed yusuf, boko haram was originally labeled as the nigerian taliban because of its ideology and methods. While boko haram would appear to be a part of a wider terrorist phenomenon, linked to al qaeda and isis, historian kim searcy demonstrates that boko haram s agenda is local, not international, and the roots of that agenda stretch back several centuries. Muslim conflict, it can be seen that the intrareligious dispute adherents of islam played a key role in boko haram s creation. Department of history, adeyemi federal university of education p. This paper aims to examine the historical evolution of boko haram, its causes. In 20, the nigerian military intensified its campaign against boko haram. Yusuf muhammads teaching propagated hatred toward western civilization.
The movement is unique in that it combines a sectarian, radical islamic agenda with violence. According to a september 20 house of representatives homeland security committee report, the aqim boko haram collaboration is a mature relationship that allows boko haram an avenue to advance its capability, and. The historical background of boko haram boko haram literally translated as western education is a sin is a genocidal criminal movement led by an islamist extremist, abubakar shekau, who has vowed to destroy every christian school in nigeria, and to carry out terrorist attacks on nigerian government police and government officials. International journal of liberal arts and social science issn. History of boko haram in nigeria and their activities legit. The history of an african jihadist movement supersedes everything that has been written so far on the development of this enigmatic jihadist movement in northeastern nigeria. On 2 april, a boko haram attack on the outskirts of maiduguri resulted in the death of 18 people and another 84 wounded. The violent rise and resilience of the jihadist group boko haram in the lake chad basin since 2009 poses enormous security, humanitarian and governance challenges. Mar 31, 2014 a short history of boko haram this morning, members of the boko haram movement attacked a dss detention facility close to the seat of power in abuja. Pdf boko haram insurgency in nigeria as a symptom of poverty.
A short history of boko haram this morning, members of the boko haram movement attacked a dss detention facility close to the seat of power in abuja. Democratic party to boko haram, casts the nigerian political party the all progressives congress as an islamist organiza tion, and accuses emir of kano muhammadu sanusi ii a target of boko haram of supporting the sect. Sep 26, 2019 as maceachern poignantly reminds us, the victims of boko harams depredations are only too aware of the historical parallel between their present plight and these earlier experiences of violence and exploitation. The name boko haram is a hausa name which only the hausa peoples understood and is a compound name comprised of hausa and arabic. It will examine the evolution of boko haram itself from islamic. The study presented the historical analyses of the effect of boko haram insurgency on educational management in northern nigeria. Since 2009, boko haram has transformed itself from a cultlike religious. Boko haram was reported to have killed 380 people between april and september 2017 in the lake chad area.
People committed to the prophets teachings for propagation and jihad, from 2015 also called islamic state in west africa iswa or islamic states west african province iswap, islamic sectarian movement, founded in 2002 by muhammed yusuf in northeastern nigeria, that since 2009. The best of the existing research contextualizes boko haram as a specifically african phenomenon with long historical and social roots in the region. A brief history of boko haram boko haram members prefer to be known by their arabic name jamaatu ahlis sunna liddaawati waljihad meaning people committed to. This led to the arrest of mohammed yusuf and his execution without trial.
Check out our article on the history of boko haram in nigeria to understand the severity of the groups actions. This article will look into boko haram, its ideology, its methods, and its. The united states designated boko haram a foreign terrorist organization in late 20, but at times washington has withheld military assistance pdf out of concern over nigerias. It has been a growing force in nigeria for over a decade and has deep roots in the countrys social development going back even further. The cycle of violence being unleashed on nigerians by the fundamentalist group, boko haram has heightened fears among the populace and the international community that the hostility has gone beyond religions or political coloration hence the need to. The nigerian armed group boko haram has gained international notoriety after the kidnapping of more than 270 schoolgirls in northern nigeria.
To understand what led to the abductions one must first look backward, not only at the formation of boko haram itself, but also at the complex history of nigeria, islam in west africa and the deep corruption that has robbed the continents biggest oil producer, largest economy and most populous nation of even basic development, keeping the. Below is the most comprehensive history of boko haram insurgency in nigeria starting from the first attack in 2009 till date. Education is the key to national development in nigeria. Their intention was to implement sharia law in nigeria and.
The multinational joint task force against boko haram. Nigerias battle with boko haram council on foreign. In 2002, an offshoot of this youth group not yet known as boko haram declared the city and the islamic establishment to. History and ideology from 2002 to 2009, boko haram was led by mohammed yusuf, a charismatic imam in northeastern nigerias borno state, who preached that western education is sinful, which in hausa language translates to boko haram boko means book or, more broadly, western education, and haram. Pdf for the past decade, boko haram has relentlessly terrorized northeastern nigeria. Several members of boko haram were arrested in the following years and this led to a riot, which led to the death of up to 800 people. The word boko haram means western education is forbidden. Boko haram was founded upon the principles of the khawaarij advocating sharia law. It is worth recalling that the clear intentions of boko haram were to destabilise the governments of the affected countries, institute sharia law and establish a caliphate in their area of influence. The boko haram insurgency the violent rise and resilience of the jihadist group boko haram in the lake chad basin since 2009 poses enormous security, humanitarian and governance challenges.
The history of boko haram boko harams origins lie in a group of radical islamist youth who worshipped at the alhaji muhammadu ndimi mosque in maiduguri a decade ago. After decades of vacillating between periods of military rule and democracy, punctuated by coups, the nigerian fourth republic began as general abdusalami abubakar peacefully handed over power to olusegun obasanjo after democratic elections. Pdf the geopolitics of boko haram and nigerias war on. The rise of boko haram in nigeria combating terrorism. Nigerias population of an estimated 200 million people is plagued by an alarming level of violence, which is driven by a toxic mix of brutal extremist groups, criminal gangs and a cropland crisis. The historical background of boko haram genocide watch. This essay will explore a brief history and legacy of islam and colonialism in nigeria, and the current social and the economic conditions that gave rise to boko haram s agenda. The emergence of boko haram is a symptom of the maturation of historical extremist and rejectionist impulses in the northeast and the failure of both governmental and customary conflict mitigation institutions. Stabilizing northeast nigeria after boko haram carnegie.
Few if any explanations for the rise of this violent insurgent group look beyond its roots in worldwide jihadism and recent political conflicts in central africa. Boko haram has also been translated as western influence is a sin. The hausa applied the term boko to western forms of education so when the term haram is appended to it the intent is. Boko haram took shape in the northeastern nigerian city of maiduguri, borno state, in the early 2000s. Its founder was mohammed yusuf, who was a known fundamentalist and his thinking was influenced by wahhabi theology. It vehemently affirmed the infallibility of the quran as the uncreated and eternal word of allah. However the group members call themselves jamaah alahlu alsunnah li aldawah wa aljihad. Boko haram and the islamic states west africa province. Boko haram s sixyearold insurgency has pitted neighbour against neighbour, and cost more than 00 lives. Yusuf also demanded the full implementation of the sharia in nigeria to usher in the perfect islamic state.
The history of an african jihadist movement on jstor. Timeline of boko haram insurgency in nigeria from 2009. For the past decade, boko haram has relentlessly terrorized northeastern nigeria. Boko haram and the evolving salafi jihadist threat in nigeria pdf. Boko haram, islamic sectarian movement founded in 2002 in northeastern nigeria.
Since 2009 the group has carried out largescale acts of violence. The name boko haram is usually translated as western education is forbidden. While the full report moves toward publication, brookings asked him to publish excerpts for africa in focus, 1 explaining the emergence of boko haram, 2. Facts, history, leaders, and origins of the terrorist group usa today usa today file this file image made available wednesday, jan. Dfid nigeria, conflict management in northeast nigeria. Boko haram in particular and violent extremism in general. Jun 06, 2014 boko harams story begins with a preacher named mohammed marwa, born in 1927. Historical evoulution of boko haram the history and development of boko haram insurgents group in north eastern. Boko haram s origins lie in a group of radical islamist youth who worshipped at the alhaji muhammadu ndimi mosque in maiduguri a decade ago. The violent boko haram attacks have left deep scars, both visible and invisible.
At about age eighteen, he moved to kano, in what is today northern nigeria, and began a career as a preacher. Nigerias history of poor governance and extreme poverty in the north. Pdf claimed by boko haram and reduce violence linked to the group to levels seen prior to 2014. Boko haram is an islamist movement founded in 2002 by yusuf muhammad in borno state of northeast nigeria. North east nigeria, in collective mobilisations in africa, edited by kadya tall, marie. Boko haram itself was founded in 2002 in borno state by a group of islamic clerics.
People committed to the prophets teachings for propagation and jihad, from 2015 also called islamic state in west africa iswa or islamic states west african province iswap, islamic sectarian movement, founded in 2002 by muhammed yusuf in northeastern nigeria, that since 2009 has carried out assassinations and largescale acts of violence in that country. About 57% of all schools in borno state were closed due to the boko haram insurgency, affecting the education of about 3 million children. Nation listing entry describes boko haram as an affiliate of alqaeda and also one of the organisations of alqaeda in the islamic maghreb aqim reuters, 2014. Boko haram in context the roots of boko haram lie in the islamic history of northern nigeria, in which for some 800 years powerful sultanates centered around the hausa cities close to kano and the sultanate of borno roughly the region of the states of borno and yobe together with parts of chad constituted high muslim civilizations. Boko haram is one of the deadliest jihadist groups in the world, and the crisis surround ing it is one of the globes worst. Boko haram draws, among other things, upon historical references to the islamic empire of dan fodios. The chronological depth of later chapters is less vertiginous, as maceachern moves from archaeology and history to current affairs. The geopolitics of boko haram and nigerias war on terror article pdf available in geographical journal 1804 december 2014 with 2,152 reads how we measure reads. The kidnapping of chris mcmanus and franco lamolinara. The state of insecurity engendered by boko haram insurgency in nigeria, especially in the northeastern part of the country is quiet worrisome, disheartening and alarming. Boko haram was radical when it started, but it was not violent. From this perspective boko haram falls within the tradition of jihadism in nigeria, although it is the most radical form. Boko haram took shape in the northeastern nigerian city of maiduguri in the early 2000s. While boko haram cant be neatly characterized as an insurgency or terrorist organization, its origins appear rooted in grievances over poor governance and sharp inequality in nigerian society.
The origins of boko haramand why it matters by audu. The history of boko haram cannot be disentangled from the immense political change nigeria underwent during the 1999 transition to democracy. Boko haram and the islamic states west africa province boko haram emerged in the early 2000s as a small sunni islamic sect in nigeria advocating a strict interpretation and implementation of islamic law, and has evolved since 2009 to become one of the worlds deadliest terrorist groups. The origins of boko haramand why it matters by audu bulama. Boko haram kidnapped 110 schoolgirls from the government technical girls college in dapchi, yobe, on 19 february 2018. The threat from boko haram and ansaru the henry jackson society 7 leadership have recently surfaced. Boko haram is a radical islamist movement shaped by its nigerian context and reflecting nigerias history of poor governance and extreme poverty in the north. More a mosque based community than a tightly organized movement, boko haram centered on the salafi preacher muhammad yusuf 19702009. Rise of boko haram world history free pdf download. Therefore, this study aims to examine the threat of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security system.
Boko haram gained more international notoriety in 2014 when the group kidnapped over 200 chibok schoolgirls for various purposes, such as prisoner exchanges and to sell them into marriage. A history of the continent since independence illustrated ed. Suspected members of the hardline islamist group boko haram attacked a school in damaturu, nigeria, early tuesday morning, burning or shooting. This research explores the theoretical categorization of boko haram as a terrorist organization and the effects of extrajudicial killing and an ineffective judicial system in providing a fertile ground for terrorism in nigeria. Pdf nigeria has recently been confronted with increased terrorist activity by a group called.
The nickname boko haram was given by local communities to. Interrogating the emergence of boko haram in nigeria this section gives a brief history of the emergence of boko haram sect in nigeria, examines. Boko haram reportedly released all but one of the girls by 21 march. Looking back at boko haram s history, which is marred by muslim vs. The islamic state in west africa or the islamic states west africa province formerly known as. The anatomy of a crisis 10 since 2009 boko haram has become a metaphor for insecurity in nigeria after the government launched a clampdown on the group, which resulted in some 800 deaths, mostly of the sect members.
The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national. In 2002, an offshoot of this youth group not yet known as boko haram declared the city and the islamic establishment to be intolerably corrupt and irredeemable. This theory resonates with statements attributed to the leader of the boko haram, which claims that boko haram is fighting a religious war against unbelievers with the goal of turning nigeria into an islamic theocratic state. Based on years of research in northern nigeria as well as his knowledge of a vast number of primary sources in both arabic and hausa, thurston is able to. Scholarship on islams history in the region is particularly helpful in contextualizing boko haram s ideological and historical roots. Boko haram is a radical islamist movement shaped by its nigerian context and reflecting. View cnn s fast facts on boko haram and learn more about the militant islamic group based in nigeria, whose purpose is to institute sharia, or islamic law. Beginning in the late spring and summer of 2014, boko haram began seizing villages in towns in borno, yobe, and adamawa states. Boko haram is one of the deadliest jihadist groups in the world, and the crisis surrounding.
This essay will explore a brief history and legacy of islam and colonialism in nigeria, and the current social and the economic conditions that gave rise to boko harams agenda. As one of the few organisations with fieldbased expertise in the greater sahel and on all four countries caught up in the insurgency. Boko haram s religious and political worldview by alex thurst on. Now theyre pleading for help to save their generation duration. Boko haram formed in 2002 when mohammed yusuf, a wellknown preacher and proselytizer of the izala sect of islam in the maiduguri region of nigeria, began to radicalize his discourse to reject all secular aspects of nigerian society. The roots of boko haram lie in the islamic history of northern nigeria, in which for some 800 years powerful sultanates centered around the hausa cities close to kano and the sultanate of borno roughly the region of the states of borno and yobe together with parts of. A heavyhanded or solely military response will not bring peace and may be counterproductive. Nigerias battle with boko haram council on foreign relations. During the late 1990s or early 2000sit is unclear precisely whenyusuf emerged as the groups leader. The islamic state in west africa or islamic states west africa province, formerly known as jamaat ahl assunnah liddawah waljihad and commonly known as boko haram is a jihadist terrorist organization based in northeastern nigeria, also active in chad, niger and northern cameroon. After years of tension and a series of minor incidents, things finally exploded in july 2009 when a prominent member of boko haram died, and a large number of them were on the way to bury him.
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